Abstract—Beginning as early at the 1930s, scientists were able to see at the nanoscale using instruments such as the scanning electron microscope, the transmission electron microscope, and the field ion microscope. The most recent and notable developments in microscopy are the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope. Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as nanomanufacturing. Nanomanufacturing involves scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also includes research, development, and integration of top-down processes and increasingly complex bottom-up or self-assembly processes. Structures and properties of materials can be improved through these nanomanufacturing processes. Early examples of nanostructure materials were based on craftsmen’s empirical understanding and manipulation of materials. Use of high heat was one common step in their processes to produce these materials with novel properties. Nanotechnology in the modern era is based on increasingly sophisticated scientific understanding and instrumentation, as well as experimentation.